What is rickets in children?
Rickets is a pediatric bone disorder caused by defective mineralization of the growth plate due to deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to soft bones, skeletal deformities, delayed growth, and widening of wrists and ankles in growing children.
What are the main causes of rickets in children?
The main causes include vitamin D deficiency due to poor sunlight exposure, inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D or calcium, prolonged exclusive breastfeeding without supplementation, malabsorption disorders, chronic kidney disease, and genetic conditions such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.
What are the common symptoms of rickets in paediatrics?
Symptoms include delayed growth, bone pain, bowing of the legs, knock knees, widened wrists and ankles, frontal bossing, delayed closure of fontanelle, rachitic rosary, muscle weakness, and delayed motor milestones.
How is rickets diagnosed in children?
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, laboratory tests showing low vitamin D or phosphate with elevated alkaline phosphatase, and radiological findings such as metaphyseal cupping, fraying, and widening on X-ray of the wrist or knee.
What is scurvy in children?
Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency that leads to defective collagen synthesis. In children it results in bleeding gums, bruising, petechiae, bone pain, irritability, anemia, and poor wound healing.
What are the common symptoms of scurvy in pediatric patients?
Symptoms include bleeding gums, petechiae, corkscrew hairs, bone pain, refusal to walk, joint swelling, fatigue, irritability, anemia, and easy bruising due to fragile blood vessels.
What foods prevent scurvy in children?
Foods rich in vitamin C such as citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, guava, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, and green leafy vegetables help prevent scurvy in children.
What are the radiological signs of scurvy in children?
Characteristic X-ray findings include the white line of Frankel, Pelkan spur, Wimberger ring sign, and generalized osteopenia due to defective collagen formation in bone.
How are rickets and scurvy treated in children?
Rickets is treated with vitamin D supplementation and adequate calcium intake along with sunlight exposure. Scurvy is treated with vitamin C supplementation and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
How can rickets and scurvy be prevented in children?
Prevention includes adequate nutrition, vitamin D supplementation in infants (400 IU daily), regular sunlight exposure, balanced diet containing calcium and vitamin C rich foods, and early treatment of nutritional deficiencies.
